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MOST OF THE SHI'I MUJTAHIDS (RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES) OF THE PAST TWO CENTURIES HAVE HELD THAT THERE HAVE BEEN THREE OFFICES IN SHI'ISM DEALING WITH THE AFFAIRS OF MUSLIM BELIEVERS. THE OFFICE WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RELIGIOUS MATTERS AND THAT OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE HAVE BOTH BEEN UNQUESTIONABLY ENTRUSTED TO THE MUJTAHIDS. THE THIRD OFFICE IS THAT OF POLITICS AND RULERSHIP. THE IDEA OF THE LATTER BEING UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE ULAMA (RELIGIOUS LEADERS) DURING THE GREATER OCCULTATION (GHAYBAT-I KUBRA) OF THE TWELFTH IMAM (I.E. THE HIDDEN IMAM) HAS NOT BEEN UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO EXAMINE THE POSITION OF THE RELIGIOUS LEADERS IN IRAN TOWARD THE PROBLEM OF RULERSHIP DURING THE FIRST FEW DECADES OF THE QAJAR RULE AT THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTS CENTURY.

Preface (Hamid Dabashi) -- Introduction (Daryoush Mohammad Poor) -- The Main Arguments of Mehdi Haeri Yazdi's Wisdom and Governance -- 1.Predicative Existence (Hastī) vs. Copulative Existence (Astī) -- 2. Copulative (Astī) vs. Normative (Bāyistī) -- 3. Existence (Hastī) and Quiddity (Chīstī) -- 4. Different Types of Necessity -- 5. Theoretical Reason and Practical Reason -- 6. Ḥukūmat and a Philological Understanding of its Quiddity -- 7. Ḥukūmat in Political Science and Common Politics -- 8. The Raison d'être of Governance -- 9. Governance, Politics and Statesmanship -- 10. Empirical Understanding of Governance -- 11. Analytical Knowledge of Governance and Statesmanship -- 12. The Fundamental and Main Duties of the Statesman -- 13. The Structure of Society Based on Private Joint Ownership -- 14. Natural Ownership versus Conventional and Legal Ownership -- 15. Private Exclusive Ownership versus Private Joint Ownership -- 16. Welfare or Peaceful Coexistence -- 17. The Meaning of Society as per Personal Joint Ownership -- 18. The Meaning of State in the Doctrine of Joint Ownership -- 19. Governance or Statesmanship -- 20. Individuality, Autonomy, Freedom and National Sovereignty -- 21. Comparing Private Joint Ownership and Social Contract -- 22. The Legislative Will or Rules of Law-making -- 23. The Principle of Grace -- 24. Divine Creative Foreknowledge of the Best System -- 25. Islamic Society and Democratic Societies -- 26. Prophecy, Imamate and Caliphate -- 27. Guardianship of the Jurist -- 28. The Unresolvable Mystery of the Islamic Republic and the Guardianship of the Jurist -- Bibliography of Mehdi Hairi Yazdi's works -- Glossary of technical terms -- Index.

PurposeThe paper investigates the governance and administrative process in the Palembang Light Rail Train (LRT) project in Indonesia and gives suggestions on the strategic development of the LRT project for creating a desakota technopole in Palembang.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts both STEEP (Social, Technological, Environmental, Economic, Political) analysis and desakota technopole theoretical framework. The STEEP analysis is used to explain the Palembang LRT project which is to meet one of the city's high-tech urban transportation goals. The desakota technopole framework is used as a strategic urban planning guideline for the further development of Palembang.FindingsThis paper has three findings. First, based on STEEP analysis, Palembang needs smart urban transportation, such as LRT, to solve the present and future traffic problems. Second, the governance and administrative process in the LRT project is mandated to national companies as part of a national government infrastructure policy financed over multiple years through the national budget. Third, it is critical for national, provincial, and local governments to adopt a desakota technopole framework strategy to meet long-term targets.Originality/valueThis paper highlights Indonesia experience towards making a desakota technopole, using the Palembang LRT project policy as the key driver under investigation.

The aim of this paper is to analyze about soft-autoritharian model of Singapore system politics. We show that even modern state like Singapore, using market economy system doesn't effect to democratize in government politics. Although middle class growing so fast, but didn't make them to push government adopting democracy system politics. In consequence more educated people in Singapore, didn't lead to democratization in politics. We then check this because confucianism become the prior of the political culture in Singapore. Confucianism became the soul of government politics of Singapore. We also show that people of Singapore didn't care about democracy in politics because of the government provides public facility and entertainment really outstanding. Keyword : Democracy, Singapore, Soft-Autoritharian.